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John Cryan, PhD The microbiome is an interesting and rapidly growing area of research.

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There are trillions of microbes inhabiting our bodies, and we have more microbial cells than we do human cells. John Cryan, PhD, professor and Chair of the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience at the University of Cork, Ireland, talks about everything involved with the microbiome, from mood to pain to neurotransmitters through our nutrition.

His current research includes the neurobiological basis of stress-related disorders including depression, anxiety, pain, and drug dependence. His research group is ice watch suisse anti aging focused on understanding the interaction between brain, gut, and microbiome and how it applies to stress and immune-related disorders, including irritable ice watch suisse anti aging syndrome, obesity, and other disorders such as autism.

His research into the microbiome has far-reaching public health implications — from how he views his area and sections to how the microbiome influences brain development, chronic pain development, and of course the impact of probiotics on mood. John Cryan, PhD discusses the influence of the microbiome on pain, mood and stress.

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Joining me as our expert guest is neuroscientist John Cryan. His current research includes the neurobiological basis of stress-related disorders including depression, anxiety, pain and drug dependence. His research group is also focused on understanding the interaction between brain, gut and microbiome. How it applies to stress and immune-related disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome, obesity and other disorders such as autism.

His research into the microbiome has far-reaching public health implications from how he views Caesarean section to how the microbiome influences brain development, chronic pain development and ice watch suisse anti aging impact of probiotics on mood.

He has published over peer-reviewed articles. He is a senior editor of Neuropharmacology and of Nutritional Neuroscience.

The microbiome is an interesting and rapidly growing area of research. We cover a lot of ground on this interview in a short period of time. Thanks, Joe. Your TED Talk was interesting.

How did you get interested in studying the microbiome? Is that what you started out studying? I got dragged into the microbiome world by following the data and basically over a decade ago, we were working on stress. We were working on a model of early life stress and we were able to show that this created a whole-body syndrome.

Your tuppence

Changes in behavior and the immune system and in pain responses, in particular, specifically a visceral pain response in a variety of neurochemicals in the brain, in what was going on even locally in the gut. One of the things we found back then, we noticed that the diversity of the microbiome was greatly reduced in these animals that had been stressed in early life.

That there was a signature in their microbiome of this early life trauma. This could have been epiphenomenological.

It could be due to many other things that could be impacting it. These germ-free animals that grow up without ever having microbes in their gut, they have an exaggerated hormonal response to stress.

How The Microbiome Affects Stress, Pain And Mood with Dr. John Cryan, PhD

That was the second part of it. We have more microbial cells than we do human cells. Then we started working on these germ-free animals to see what was going on with them in their brains and how the brain was dealing with stress.

Ice watch suisse anti aging showed, along with groups in Canada and in Sweden, that there were very marked neurodevelopmental alterations in these animals.

A very much important area for higher cognitive function. We use these animals then to validate our stress studies. That leads us to the concept of could we modify the reaction to stress by targeting the microbiome. That brings us to the ice watch suisse anti aging of psychobiotics. If someone were to open PubMed and read about the microbiome, there are different types of terms and terminology that come up.

Can you describe the difference between the microbiome versus the microbiota for people? These are words that are often used interchangeably.

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The way I see it is that your microbiome is a collection of genes that make up your microbiota. Your microbiome is like your genome and your microbiota are the cells themselves. There are trillions of microbes inhabiting our bodies.

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I want to talk about some of those metabolites. How does that develop and potentially changes and what affects it? We get our early frontier microbes as we come through the birth canal from our mothers.

Our microbes make up the viruses and the fungi. There is much broader repertoire of organisms than just bacteria. For the most part, largely for technological reasons, what people are studying are bacteria.

In areas like these, bacteria are critical. They informed the developing immune system. They lay down how that interacts with the developing gut. Perturbations can be quite ranging from serious things like prematurity and to a mode of delivery at birth. For the most part, once we become an adult, our microbiomes remained relatively stable as long as the environment we live in and the diet we take remained stable.

Once you modify them considerably, you can alter the microbiome. Then as we age, it starts to decline. There are studies, including studies from here in Cork in Ireland, where people have begun to look at the relationship between the stability of the microbiome and aging and the health outcomes.

You want to keep reading, right?

Specifically in relation to frailty and sarcopenia and showing that the more diverse the microbiome has maintained the better the health outcome. We want to keep a diverse microbiome for a better health outcome and we need to look at ways to do that.

Perhaps one of the best ways, at least with the most evidence is through nutritional sources and through the diet. The topic of frailty is important.

When we think of the gut, we first think of food. How does the microbiome affect the food we take in? How does it interact with our food? It depends where you are in the gut.

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A lot of the research is focusing on the microbiome in the lower gut. If you think about that the microbes can basically use nutritional substrates to create a lot of chemicals that our bodies would not have otherwise.

Among the best studies that are there are what we called short chain fatty acids. These include butyrate and acetate. These chemicals are important for priming our immune system and developing gastrointestinal tract and are seen as very positive molecules. We would not have them in our bodies without microbes.

Microbes basically attack fibers in the diet to create these molecules.

Not all of these chemicals are good. One of the other well-studied examples is from a chemical called TMAO, which is made by specific microbes from carnitine and red meat.

This TMAO is what forms the basis of some atherosclerotic plaques. You can either stop eating red meat or modify your microbiome or both.